How can we control biofilm growth in drinking water pipeline without increasing disinfectant dosing as WQ standards and not to end up with disinfectant byproducts due to excess disinfectant?

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Disinfectants obviously controls biofilm growth. But increasing dosing pose health problems as well. In addition, unpleasant taste and odour are results of increased dosing. Are there any other methods to control biofilm growth. Some studies say biofilm growth improves the efficiency of systems by reducing pipe roughness initially, however it increases when pipes are old. What is the better cheaper method to clean biofilms from older pipes?

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41 Answers

  1. Once every year we do what we call a "free burn." We switch off our chloramine solution and inject 100% free cholorine. This drastically reduces the nitrification within our system, which in turn reduces the disinfection byproducts. It has worked wonders for our pipe scaling and biofilm growth. This in combination with a heavily monitored flushing schedule has resolved our dbp and biofilm issues.

  2. A chemical-free technology for controling biofilm in water lines of any reasonable size is with HydroFlow, which emits a sustained 150 kHz frequency that neutralizes bacteria (sessile and free floating), algae and scale accumulation. HydroFlow operates on low energy consumption (AC current) and attaches to the outside of any pipe material. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uwe2RCDt76Y

  4. Biogy is unavoidable we need to accept that we should get good water and as well maintain clean pipelines just flush the pipe every once a while and maintain it time to time.

  6. It may be possible to add our bio-catalyst formulations at very high dilutions to remediate this problem. It works in other biofilm growth situations and can be used in conjunction with disinfectants. Would need to be tested for your requirements.

  7. To avoid Biofilming in especially public water supply pipe lines, change the disinfectants quite often, and change the dosage percentage. have a cycle of disinfectants in order to avoid the mircro organisims getting immune to the disinfectant systems.

  8. SanEcoTec's AVIVE Water Treatment Process is unique. In Ontario Canada, know to be a very tightly regulatated drinking water due to Wakerton in 2003, we are replacing chlorine as secondary disinfectant with a New Generation of Hydrogen Peroxide. We have demonstrated better biofilm control, reduced DBPs, and can keep an H2O2 residual in the hot water as well. This H2O2 is NSFStd60 listed for continuous dosing (8ppm active H2O2) and doesn't need to be followed by Chlorine, as it keeps a better, more effective and long lasting residual without the zero taste and odour issues.

    AVIVEwater.com

  9. Hi

    I hope this helps support you in finding the solution to your problem as you do not make this clear -

    One is biofilm in a potable water main is a natural thing and you must accept that you cannot control it and if you remove it from the pipe wall it will come back - usually within 28 days. We have been working alongside University of Sheffield in the UK on this subject over the last 7 years. Check out their website and articles on the internet - http://www.podds.co.uk/. I would ask why you need to control it? Are you having water quality issues that you are attributing to the biofilm? we have found our issue is not the film but the metal oxides -usually of Mn and Fe that are present in most potable systems sticking to the film and then remobilising when we exceed the energy equilibrium between the film and the pipewall - usually when we change flows in the main. You need to learn to manage this 'accumulation' over time as cleaning mains is not cost beneficial in the long term.

    we combine our pipeline management approach, based on PODDS principles to successfully manage water quality risks in old and dirty mains quite successfully. we also do mains cleaning as part of our discolouration reduction strategy including ice pigging. NWG were the first company to successfully use ice pigging on a large scale in the UK. Whilst it is more cost beneficial per meter cleaned than jetting/relining I refer you back to my earlier point - unless you change the constituents of your water it all comes back!

  10. Hi Muthukrishna, I've asked one of our specialist about your problem, his reply :

    This exercise is rather straightforward; the system need to be flushed out completely with ECA water to remove all bacteria / algae colonies. Thereafter, depending on project specifics a very basic dosing system (e.g. 1:500 - 1:1000) can be installed to deal with any originating / entered organics in the piping. The key is to utilise Electro Chemically Activated (ECA) water products, that is in a dis-equilibrium state, carrying a micro-charge of ±850 - 1200mV. This electrification component is the double-dose effective part over and above the chemical composition of ions in the ECA water (HOCl-, ClO2-, O3, etc). The effect is so dramatic on the mitochondrial DNA of the organism, that it is completely destroyed without any chance of building up any resistance to the chemical components.

     

    The beauty of this solution is that once the contaminants have been dealt with, the ECA water relaxes back into an inert saline solution without any sort of chemical residue. Should any ions still be active in the water when consumed, it carries no health risk like other conventional poisonous chemicals do. Please see Material Data Safety Sheet attached.

     

    To move forward; please send us a water analysis of the water in question - specifically identifying organics. We will then be able to calculate ECA volumes to address the severity of the case. If no analysis exists, we can assist. Please take care that the 2L+ sealed sample reaches us within 24hrs of sampling and that it is kept out of direct sunlight. Qualified SANS analysis takes a week and costs in the region of R6,000 depending on actual tests conducted. Our typical ECA system costs in the region of R95,000 + auxiliary equipment, if so required, and can effectively treat up to 20,000 litres per hour. Larger units are available. It is important to look at a holistic solution, as the contaminants need to be prevented (e.g restructured water system) in addition to being treated with the ECA dosing solution.

    Please see attached Files and contact details for francois. 

    1 Comment

  11. Dear Muthukrishna I have no practical experience of ice pigging. It was developed at the University of Bristol. An internet search will lead you to a Wiki entry where you can download their paper. YouTube also have a number of demonstration videos. Good Luck.

  12. Dear Muthukrishna In the absence of an effective chemical treatment, biofilms can only be prevented by removing nutrients that support their growth or having a low water temperature. The first approach is used in some European countries where drinking water is distributed without a residual. This concept is referred to as biostability and the availability of nutrients was expressed in terms of the assimilable organic carbon (AOC) or biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC). I had experience of AOC and it was generally accepted that an AOC of 10 microgrammes per L was necessary for biostability. It would be equivalent to a very good quality groundwater that is not under any direct influence from a surface water. The success of biostability depends on having very extensive treatment process capable of achieving significant nutrient removal and maintaining an intact distribution system. It would require significant upgrading to the capacity of an existing treatment works. Using temperature to prevent biofilms is not a practical option. A number of options are available to limit biofilm growth. Generally, smooth surfaces support less biofilm compared to the rough surfaces of corroded metal pipes; the latter have cracks and crevices that can provide a nice location for growth and protect organisms from potentially adverse conditions. The shorter the residence time of water the more likely is it possible to maintain an effective residual. Also, the higher the velocity, the greater the surface shear stress and the thinner the biofilm. Don’t ignore the contribution of sediments. They can offer a good surface for biofilms. Where they are found, sediment can be removed by flushing (water mains) and draining and cleaning treated water storage reservoirs). Devices (called "pigs") are sometimes used to mechanically scrape biofilms from pipe surfaces, although their success is open to question. Using crushed ice is viewed as a desirable option. Including a disinfectant will make cleaning more effective. Effective control of water treatment can help to reduce the amount of particles entering the network and so reducing the amount of sediment accumulation.

    1 Comment

  13. Control of biofilm

    Primary way of control biofilm is disinfection using chlorine and monochloromines. But these chemicals induce toxicity if concentration increases.

    It can be avoided by practicing some activities like

    1. limiting residence time in collection systems

    2. maintaining disinfectant residuals,

    3. cleaning collection tank regularly and properly

    4. using corrosion inhibitors such as phosphate-based inhibitors.

  14. Biofilm controls with Bio-Purge BD2000

    Hi All,

    We have a product called Bio-Purge, produced in Québec, that is very effective to remove biofilm in Municipal distribution network, cooling towers, wells etc. Here is a brief description of it:

    BD-2000 is biopenetrant specifically formulated to control the biofilm and reduce other biologic related problems in water systems.   BD-2000 is a product approved by Health Canada and the Minister of the Environment of Quebec. It is made up of items Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) under the provisions of Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations (USA), Section 182, and is certified to meet the requirements of ANSI/NSF Standard 60-Drinking Water Chemicals-Health Effects. As such, it is accepted for potable use when administered within the guidelines of federal, state and local health and environmental agencies.   

    For more info's like case study, brochure, spec's & MSDS sheets, please, contact me at beauregardclaude@hotmail.com

  15. Dear Sir, We have this unique product CDD5000 for 99% bio film removal, prevention and line sanitization with nominal operational cost. kindly contact me for more details. Regards, Swapnil Gujar. Marketing@SVS Aqua.com +91-9168012051

  16. Interesting answers and comments. Working since 8 years on biofilm-related issues, scientific research and industrial approaches, I'm quite sure there is no universal solution for this problem. I can just underline the need of checking the effectiveness of the treatment you apply (you can trust your supplier, but checking is always a good choice!). For more info about biofilm growth monitoring and check of sanitation effectiveness: http://www.alvim.it

  17. Magnetic polarization treatments reduces biofilm in pipes

    Hello,

    We have experienced very good results with our magnetic polarization treatment in pipes, primarly in internal networks like hospitals, but more recently in drinking water pipeline.

    Our treatement is originally designed for reducing scaling via cristalization changes from calcite to aragonite (like talcum powder). But as we use the most powerful materials available (rare earth), we also noticed :

    * permanent bacteria abatement in the device * biofilm destabilization in distributed water. This is due to a slight change of water surface tension which makes conditions unfavorable to biofilm   The time scale is 3-4 months to measure biofilm decrease, which we do with ATP-Metry. We have installed devices on 'small to medium' drinking water networks, i.e. several tens of km / linear distribution (non looped)   Don't hesistate to contact me if this seems relevant to you   Florent PERRIN ARIONIC France

  21. Please visit Zeta Rod web-site ! http://zetarod.com/ No need to use any chemical then you can protect your RO membrane from biofilims perfectly ! I have factory friend spoke even used the RO membrane for 2 years it's likely new and good and no biofilms there ! Please see below: Zeta Rod patented capacitor-based tech­nol­ogy elec­tron­i­cally dis­perses bac­te­ria and min­eral col­loids in aque­ous sys­tems, elim­i­nat­ing bio­foul­ing and pre­vent­ing scale and cor­ro­sion with­out the use of addi­tive chem­i­cals. Colloids in water sys­tems become com­po­nents of the capac­i­tor and receive a strong boost to their nat­ural sur­face charge, alter­ing double-layer con­di­tions that gov­ern

  22. Continuos Chlorination to control biofilm and GI diseases

    Controlling biofilm in pipeline for drinking water is possible by maintaining free residual chlorine level to more than 0.2 ppm constantly. While using chlorination for disinfection, it is essential to maintain free residual chlorine and consistency is the key. Usually is difficult to maintain free residual chlorine due to various reasons and chlorine gas being aggressive and highly reactive, it is difficult to control and equipment used for dosing may malfunction if proper care is not taken. This is possible for large treatment plants having sufficient skilled manpower; however, it is most difficult or rather impossible for smaller establishments or townships. For such establishments or even for individual houses now it is possible to maintain desired free residual chlorine level without fear of overdosing by using CHLORITARD. 

    CHLORITARD is a unique product developed especially for remote places, small - large establishments where technical manpower is not available, water quality is not consistent and electricity is not available for very long time in a day! This is being used for more than two decades in India without failure once suitable pouch of CHLORITARD is suspended in overhead water tank once a month! This pouch containing bleaching powder with retard action maintains free residual chlorine to about 0.5 ppm consistently for 1 month. 

    I am sure if such technology is used, there is no chance for microbes to develop biofilm. Pl contact me for more details at vm@vmbiotech.com 

    Regards,

    VM

  24. Control of biofilm growth in drinking-water pipleline

    Dear Muthukrishna,

    Could you please clarify whether do you mean that disinfection with ozone and ultraviolet light in your situation should not be applied?  If not, I may suggest UV and/or Ozone options.

    You may see our (New Zealand) approach which we have developed for drinking-water quality's control, which you may find on the Ministry of Health web-side www.health.govt.nz/ (section 'Publications'),

    See also: www.health.govt.nz/our-work/environmental-health/drinking-water/drinking-water-publications

    For details, please see relevant sections in Drinking-water Standards for New Zealand 2005(2008), Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality Management for New Zealand 2005, and several other supporting documents (e.g. UV Disinfection and Cartridge Filtration, Public Health Risk Management Plans for Drinking-water Supplies, etc.).

    I hope this might be of your help.

    If you would need further details and assistance, I am happy to assist.

    My contact email address is stasha@vodafone.co.nz

    Kind regards,

    Alexander Kouzminov

    New Zealand

  25. All, The answers provided by Mr. Meklati are very good for general applications. Maintain process control whatever disinfectant is being used. Practice an aggressive flushing problem, one that will strip biofilms, clean water storage tanks which can serve as storage reservoirs for organism growth, including pathogens and nitrifying bacteria. If you can use free chlorine, stay with that. If not, careful control of chloramination must be practiced or nitrification of the total chlorine concentration will ensue. Pigging of pipelines will work if nothing else does. If using chloramines, and biofilm growth becomes problematic, switch to a period feed of free chlorine. This should be done as a last resort, not routinely.

  26. Dear Muthkrishna - Chloramines makes the issue worse by causing lead and copper corrosion, nitrification, and disinfection by-products that are 1000 times worse than those caused by chlorination according to researchers at the US EPA. ClO2 will not kill biofilms unless in a dose too high to consume. Super chlorinating at 200 ppm is not only toxic, its ineffective. Mechanical solutions such as pigging and relining pipes will damage the pipes and, once you are finished, the problem occurs again. Addition point of use devices or filters provides limited results but at a high cost that does not address that nearly 80% of corrosion in water pipes relates to microbiology. Mixed-oxidant products such as our own, Clearitas, are specifically engineered to remove biofilms and organic matrixed scale from the inside of water pipes (and anything the water touches) while under normal operations. There are several onsite generators that can be used to produce on-demand product, although a bulk, finished product is preferable because of the reduced operations issues. Ours is exceptional because of its patented strength and stability (over 12 months) and our proprietary ability to deliver it in volumes that can be used by the largest utilities in the world. Over 125 cities use Clearitas in the USA daily to remove and prevent bio-film build up and, when coupled with an effective flushing program, will reduce chlorine use by 50% +, reduce flushing, remove corrosion that reduces flows and consumes energy, while reducing disinfection byproducts. Look for mixed oxidant generators or send me an email and I can direct you to some alternatives. Dane

  28. biofilm

    By adding the Archaea species to the matrix all biofilm will be eliminated. There will be zero need for disinfectant. The Archaea reduce all organic matter into its elemental form. It is non pathogenic and non mutational.  ph range of 5.5 to 10.0. Temp range 35 F to 185 F.  Cost is pennies per application.

     

  29. Some systems see results from implementing the G7water catalyst. Antimicrobial and it will ionize minerals to maintain smooth surfaces and even remove deposits over time of use.

  30. Mr. Kumarasamy, The only way to remove biofilm from services is by shock dosing with chlorine dioxide @200 ppm. Keep the water in the service pipeline for 2-3 hours. Then drain out the water. Once all the biofilm is removed from the pipeline system, you can then move to a constant dosing of the drinking water @1ppm dose. USEPA has approved the use of chlorine dioxide in drinking water upto a dose of 5ppm. Once the water is constantly dosed with chlorine dioxide there will be no growth of new biofilm.

  32. Dear Kumarasamy. This is in continuation with my earlier note, While there is no way to eliminate biofilm, as said above, shock dosing of chlorine dioxide at intervals will certainly help. There are many bio-dispersants , mostly low molecular weight polymers, which help in flushing out the dead bugs and debris from the system, but these are not allowed for drinking water. So another constraint is that there is no easy / practical method for flushing out debris from drinking water distribution lines. Regards, Nikhilesh

  33. Hi Kumarasamy, The biofilm might reduce friction losses and even improve water quality but will most probably cause corrosion in pipelines. Three comments: 1. Mechanical cleaning using “pigging” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigging is probably the safest and most efficient way of cleaning the existing biofilm. There is always a risk by flushing chemicals down a line. 2. In large distribution systems it is common to top-up the disinfectant (Cl2) at more than one location to keep satisfactory levels at the end of the network without overdosing at the treatment works or reservoir. 3. Most importantly: Minimise biofouling and reduce disinfection by-products by improving the efficiency of the Treatment Works through better operation and maintenance. Only then look at upgrade options and newer or more appropriate technologies. Regards Stephanus

  34. How can we control biofilm growth in drinking water pipeline without increasing disinfectant dosing as WQ standards and not to end up with disinfectant byproducts due to excess disinfectant?

    In order to control becoming better the proliferation of biofilm in the pipes we need to consider the following points:
    - Chois the lining of the pipes.
    - Optimize the profile volumes.
    - Ensure adequate flushing of the pipelines during commissioning
    - Master water leaks from the outside to the inside and vice versa.
    - Optimize the contact time water / disinfectant
    - Ensure adequate disinfectant residual rate (it must not exceed the rate allowed by the standard)

  36. Dear Kumarasamy. The biggest source of microbial contamination of drinking water is the cross contamination of leaking sewage with leaking treated drinking water in the underground tunnel. So the supply of microbial contaminants to drinking water pipelines almost remains unabated. However, within this limitation Chlorine dioxide is a very effective biocide to control biofilm. Chlorine dioxide works at very low level, it does not react with organic impurities to form THM, and it works even in alkaline pH very effectively Regards, Nikhilesh

  38. USE OUR PRODUCT - "CHLORITARD" AND SEE THE DIFFERENCE. APPLICATION : USE NEED STORAGE TANK (NOT FLOWING WATER), AFTER PUTTING OUR CHLORITARD POUCH WITHIN ONE (1) HOUR THE 0.002 - 0.005 ppm achieved & there after IT WILL CONTROL THE END WATER GOING OUT OF TANK + PIPE CONTAMINATIONS WILL BE CLEANED TOO. ATTACHED - 3 FILES (1) MSDS - CHLORITARD (2) TESTIMONIES - CLIENTS (SINCE 1999 - 2014) DEAR GOKSEL, THANKS. WE DO NOT HAVE ANY VIDEO'S FOR CHLORITARD. (1) MSDS - ATTACHED (2) TESTIMONIES : ATTACHED - MUNCIPAL CORPORATIONS, HEALTH DEPARTMENT, THERMAL POWER PLANTS, POULTRY, AGRICULTURE, WATER TREATMENT, DRINKING WATER PURIFICATION, SUGAR INDUSTRY, EXOTIC & FRESH VEGETABLE & FRUIT FARMS, EARTHQUAKES / EPEDEMICS, INDUSTRIAL USE. Chloritard Water treatment at the point of consumption Product Introduction: Chloritard is a pouch that is suspended in water tank, at the point of consumption to obtain safe water useful for drinking and other purposes. 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  39. The ECA is the answer in my mind.

    ~~• GenEon Technologies produces both HOCl and a range of High pH cleaners and degreasers
    • HOCl is the chemical formula for hypochlorous acid—a weak acid formed when chlorine is dissolved in water.
    • It is used as a superior replacement for bleach, an oxidizer, a odor killer, a sanitizer/disinfectant, and a cleaner with a 30-second-1 minute kill time on pathogens.
    • It is 80—200 times stronger than bleach, but also safe for surfaces, plants, animals, and humans.
    I think that the ECA safe hipocolurs that is 8 times more powerful than normal clor for disinfectant and safe for it is the same

     

  40. Hi Kumarasamy There are two process technologies that you/we could talk around for drinking water treatment Capacitive Recovery System This is a process used for the removal of contaminants from drinking water by removing both nitrates and ammonia this process is part of electricity based desalination process and it removes anions and cations. The process has a much higher water recovery than Reverse Osmosis ie it is up to 90 % more efficient Pure Water This is a practical solution for short or long term clean water supply, is easily transportable, fully automated, can be remotely monitored and controlled, has a low capex and conforms to HSE requirements as well as exceeding and or meeting DWI (Drinking Water Institute) and WHO (World Health Organisation) standards, has very low energy usage, does not use reverse osmosis or traditional chlorine generators. The treated water is microbiologically safe to drink and with no detectable presence of coliforms ( including E Coli) Clostridia Perfringens or Enterococci, its sterilising and disinfectant qualities means that system is kept clean and prolongs storage life of treated water

  41. Hello Dear Kumarasamy. Interesting question. there are some phisical methods (membranes, ultrasound) that can be very efective on the local biofilm control... and they let no "taste" on the water.... however, I think that you you want to have a good and safety water, a consumption point (end of pipe) filter might be requested. Regards. Léo.